History 380-1
San Francisco State University
History 380.1: Islamic World I: The Near East 500-1700 C.E.
Instructor: Dr. Maziar Behrooz
Telephone: (415) 338-1776
E-mail: mroozbeh@sfsu.edu
Home Page: http://online.sfsu.edu/mroozbeh/
Course Description: This is a study of Islamic civilization, culture and history from 500 to 1700 CE. The course assumes no prior knowledge of Islam or Middle Eastern history. The course emphasizes on a core region of the Islamic world (the area between Nile and Oxus rivers). The first part of the course begins with an investigation of the pre-Islamic world and goes on to survey the rise of Islam as a religion and an empire. Next, the golden age of Islamic civilization, covering the Umayyad Empire (centered in Damascus) and the Abbasid Empire (centered in Baghdad), will be covered. The second half of the course will examine the Islamic civilization from the decline of the Abbasid Empire (950 CE) through the establishment of regional empires, the Crusades, the Mongol invasion and the emergence of the "gun-powder empires." The course will pay special attention to cultural and religious development in the Islamic world, as well as political changes. Students will be able to discuss and analyze the rise of Islam both as religion and civilization. Students will examine ethnic, linguistic, and religious diversities of the Islamic civilization.
Fall 2024: MW 11-12, HSS 310
Office Hours: HUM 231; MW 1-2 PM or by appointment
Course Outline:
Week 1: August 26-28
Introduction: geographic setting and the people of the Near East; the world before Islam: Sasanian Empire; Byzantine Empire; Arabia before Islam.
Reading: Aslan, 3-23 & “Byzantine-Sasanian.”
Week 2: September 2-4 (No class on Sep. 2-Labor Day)
Islam the formative years: the life of the Prophet; Islam under Prophet Muhammad (570-632); early Islamic state.
Reading: Lapidus, 1-26; Aslan, 23-50 & Ibn Ishaq: From Biography of the Messenger of God Message of Islam: the Holy Qur'an
Week 3: September 9-11
The Message of Islam: The Holy Qur’an
Reading: Lapidus: 26-55; Aslan, 50-107 & “Selections from the Qur’an” and Bulliet, “Prophet, Quran, and Companions.”
Week 4: September 6-8
Islam After Muhammad: the Rashidun Caliphs (632-661); beginning of Sunni-Shi'a dispute; early Moslem expansions; the first fitna.
Reading: Lapidus: 55-66; Aslan, 107-140 & Mc Niell “Crisis and Compromise” and Spellberg, "A'isha and the Battle of Camel."
Week 5: September 23-25
Mid-term Exam I: September 25
The Umayyad Caliphate (661-750): Sufyanids Caliphs & the second fitna; Marwanids Caliphs & state and society under late Umayyads; Umayyad downfall.
Reading: Lapidus, Chapter 8
Week 6: September 10- October 2
Abbasid Revolution: High Caliphate (750-950); state and society under the Abbasids; Muslim civilization and sciences.
Reading: Lapidus, Chapters 9 &14; Aslan 140-220
Week 7: October 7-9
Development of Shari'a and Muslim theology; Islamic branches and their religious laws: Sunnis; Shi'as; Sufis.
Reading: Lapidus, Chapters Chapters 15 & 16; Enayat, “Shi’ism and Sunnism”
Week 8: October 14-16
Abbasid Decline; Turkic Slave Army; Agricultural Decline; The Iqta' land System.
Reading: Lapidus, Chapters 11-12-13
Week 9: October 21-23
Mid-term Exam II: October 23
New Eastern State System: The Shi'a Century; culture and civilization of: Tahirids; Saffarids; Buyyads; Samanids; Assassins; Ghaznavids and the mingration of the Steppe People (Turkic migrations) Saljuqs.
Reading: Lapidus, 225-262; Melville “From the Saljuqs…” & Lev, “Army, Regime, and Society in Fatimid Egypt”
Week 10: October 28-30
New Western State System: culture and civilization of: Tulanids; Fatimids; Ayyubids; Mamluks.
Reading: Lapidus, 369-404; Levanoni, “The Mamluk Conception…”
Week 11: November 4-6
Interaction between Islamic and the Christian worlds: Crusades; Moslem reaction; cultural interaction.
Reading: Powell, “Reading the Crusades…” & Cohen, “First Crusade”
Week 12: November 11-13
The Mongol Invasion: short-term results; long-term results; successor states: Ilkhanids; Timurids.
Reading: Lapidus 425-466; Moghadam, "Nomadic Invasions".
Week 13: November 18-20
Emergence of the Ottoman Empire: Transformation of Anatolia; European Conquests; Early Ottoman State.
Reading: Lapidus, 468-490; Lewis, begin reading: Inalcik, “Ottoman Methods of Conquest,”
Week 14: November 23-25 (No Classes-Thanksgiving Recess)
Week 15: December 2-4
Ottoman state and civilization at its height: state establishment; Ottoman military; religious establishment.
Reading: Barkey, “Islam and Toleration…”, Pamuk, “Institutional Change…”
Week 16: December 9-11
Emergence of the Safavid Empire: Shi'ism as State Religion in Iran; Early Safavid State and Civilization.
Reading: Reserve: Savory, "The Safavid Empire,” Savory “The Consolidation of Safawid power in Persia.”
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Books:
Aslan, Reza. No God but God
Lapidus, Ira. Islamic Societies to the Nineteenth Century: A Global History
Maalouf, Amin. Samarkand (optional)
Additional reading material will be provided by instructor.
There will be two mid-term exams (25% each) and a final exam (50%). The mid-term exams will be taken in class, will be essay questions, and students will have options. The final exam will be take-home and has to be 10 to 15 pages long, typed and double space with proper citation from reading material as well as course lectures. Your exams will be based on the required readings and class lectures. Note that the two cover different aspects of the subject, therefore, class attendance is essential in receiving the desired grade in this course.
Extra Credit: You may write a review of Samarkand (1000 words) for 7 points credit toward your final grade.
Final exam and Extra Credit (take home) are due by noon December 16 (exam instructions will be emailed to students).
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Please note the following information regarding university policy:
Students may not capture audio, photos or video from class sessions on their own devices without the explicit permission of the instructor and everyone present, unless part of a DPRC-authorized accommodation.
Students may not post any course materials to any third-party sites (such as Chegg) or post any recordings, screenshots, audio or chat transcripts in any setting outside the class, and that violations of this are subject to student disciplinary act.
This course can fulfill GE requirement and history major lower division requirement.
DISABILITY POLICY: Students with disabilities who need reasonable accommodations are encouraged to contact the instructor. The Disability Programs and Resource Center (DPRC) is available to facilitate the reasonable accommodations process. The DPRC is located in the Student Service Building and can be reached by telephone (voice/TTY 415-338-2472) or by email (dprc@sfsu.edu).” (http://www.sfsu.edu/~dprc/facultyfaq.html#1) (http://www.sfsu.edu/~dprc seems like a better reference)
DISCLOSURES OF SEXUAL VIOLENCE: SF State fosters a campus free of sexual violence including sexual harassment, domestic violence, dating violence, stalking, and/or any form of sex or gender discrimination. If you disclose a personal experience as an SF State student, the course instructor is required to notify the [Dean of Students]. To disclose any such violence confidentially, contact:
[The SAFE Place - (415) 338-2208; http://www.sfsu.edu/~safe_plc/]
[Counseling and Psychological Services Center - (415) 338-2208; http://psyservs.sfsu.edu/]
For more information on your rights and available resources: [http://titleix.sfsu.edu]
PLAGIARISM: Here is the university policy https://conduct.sfsu.edu/plagiarism#source
Questions to consider:
Exam I
How would you characterize the state of Sasanian and Byzantine empires at the turn of the seventh century?
Do you recognize any elements of the situation in the sixth century that might have contributed to the rise of Islam?
Do you think Prophet Muhammad intended in 610 to do what he had accomplished by 632? If not, why did things turn out the way they did?
What elements of existing religious rituals were adopted by Moslems and why?
How were contemporary issues addressed by the doctrine and social regulations of the Qur'an?
Arabia of the sixth century is a society based on kinship; was there any stratification? What happens when such society becomes stratified?
What were the main causes and consequences of Islamic expansions?
How would you characterize the roots of Shi'a-Sunni dispute?
What was the purpose of administration in early Islamic state?
How did the problems and issues created by the early conquests lead to the murder of Uthman?
What were the causes and consequences of the first fitna?
What was the connection between Islamic doctrinal issues and political conflicts in the first century of Islam?
How would you evaluate the claim that Islam was the product of its time?
Exam II
The Umayyad Caliphate was an empire run by Arabs for Arabs while the Abbasid Caliphate was a multi-cultural empire. Do you agree with this statement? Support your view with at least four specific examples from the lectures and\or your readings.
Describe the Umayyad Empire at its height (its institutions, ethnic base, economy, etc.) And explain the reasons behind its fall in 749 C.E.
Discuss the causes and consequences of the second Fitna. Who were the major players?
How is the fall of the Umayyad Caliphate, in 750, to be explained and what significance did it have for early Islamic history?
In what ways did the Abbasid dynasty break radically with the practices and institutions of the Umayyads? What institutions were kept by the early Abbasids?
Why did the different systems of law develop among the Moslems?
In what ways did the Abbasid dynasty break radically with the practices and institutions of the Umayyads? What institutions were kept by the early Abbasids?
Some scholars refer to the Islamic civilization, during 750-950 C.E., as the “High Caliphate,” others call it the “Golden Age” of Moslem civilization. This is the height of the Abbasid period. Describe and analyze this period. Why were the Abbasids so successful? How successful were they? Give examples.
How did the way the Abbasids come to power create problems for them?
Why did the different systems of law develop among the Moslems?
Why was the Fourth Fitna significant?
What criteria would you use to determine when the decentralization of the Islamic empire began?
Final Exam
How was the sectarian fragmentation in the 9th century different from factional conflicts of the 7th century? What did they have in common?
Why did the disintegration of the Islamic empire in the 10th century prove to be irreversible?
What were the most important causes and consequences of the political and sectarian fragmentation of the Islamic empire and the Moslem population?
What were the new rulers of territorial Islamic states like and how did the conditions in the tenth century contribute to their emergence?
How important are natural disasters as an explanation for historical change?
How would you explain the militarization of Islamic states in the 10th and 11th centuries?
Why did political power shift from Shi'i to Sunni Moslems during the 11th century?
How had the nature of political legitimacy among Moslems changed by the 11th century?
What did Salah al-Din accomplish?
What were the main consequences of the crusades for western Asia in the 12th and 13th centuries?
What were the main consequences of the Mongol invasion?
What was the long-term impact of the Mongol invasion on Islamic western Asia?
Considering the nature of the political crisis in the 14th century, how would you explain the success of Timur?
Why were the Ottoman Turks successful?
What were the consequences of the battle of Chalderan in 1514 and Ridaniyya in 1517?
What determined the limits of Ottoman expansion?
How have the structural changes in the Ottoman Empire in the 16th and 17th centuries been explained? What were their consequences?
How had Shi'ism been institutionalized in Safavid Iran by the 17th century?
How did the structure of the Safavid state differ from that of the Ottoman state? Were there any similarities?
What were the consequences of the reform of Shah Abbas?